The term “chokehold” is often used in mainstream discourse to refer to any neck hold, but police generally categorize neck restraints in two ways: the stranglehold and the chokehold. Strangeholds — also called carotid restraints, sleeper holds or blood chokes — temporarily cut off blood flow to the brain and are meant to render a subject unconscious for a time. Chokeholds — also called airway holds — restrict breathing by applying pressure to the windpipe.
Law enforcement officers say the techniques are used to gain control of aggressive or resisting subjects. Some departments state that they should only be employed as a last resort, when the officer believes the subject poses a threat to their or others’ lives. But as the cases of Floyd, Garner and others have shown, neck restraints have the potential to go badly wrong — sometimes resulting in death.
Here are some of the cities, states and countries that are banning police neck restraints.
France
Interior Minister Christophe Castaner said the use of chokeholds — which he described as applying pressure on an individual’s neck or throat while holding them on the ground — was a “dangerous method” and will no longer be taught in police training.
“I hear the criticism, I hear a powerful cry against hatred,” said Castaner, referring to large Black Lives Matter protests that took place in several major French cities last week. He added “racism has no place in our society, not in our Republic.”
The move came after more than 23,000 protesters took the streets on Saturday to call for an end to police violence, according to Interior Ministry figures released Sunday.
California
Gov. Gavin Newsom directed police departments last week to stop training officers to use carotid holds, calling the technique “a strangle hold that puts people’s lives at risk.”
Carotid restraints are performed by compressing the sides of the neck to restrict blood flow to the brain and render a person unconscious.
Newsom’s directive came after the San Diego Police Department and the Sacramento Police Department announced they would stop using the restraint, effective immediately.
The Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (LASD) followed on Monday by issuing an immediate moratorium on the use of carotid restraints in situations that “do not rise to the level of deadly force,” the department said.
The department’s use of force policy also prohibits personnel from using chokeholds, strangleholds and carotid restraints performed with legs, knees or feet, according to a news release.
New York state
Known as the Eric Garner Anti-Chokehold Act, the bill would create a new crime of aggravated strangulation, punishable by up to 15 years in prison.
“This offense would occur when a police or peace officer, using a chokehold or similar restraint, applies pressure to the throat or windpipe of a person, hindering breathing or the intake of air, and causes serious physical injury or death,” a news release from the New York State Assembly stated.
Minneapolis
The plan was first approved by Mayor Jacob Frey and the city council late last week, in cooperation with the state Department of Human Rights.
The ban comes after former Minneapolis officer Derek Chauvin pressed his knee into George Floyd’s neck for nearly nine minutes.
Under the court order, officers must immediately notify a supervisor if they see inappropriate use of force. Officers are also required to physically intervene against unauthorized use of force when possible, or otherwise “shall be subject to discipline to the same severity as if they themselves engaged in the prohibited use of force.”
Washington, DC
In a Tuesday newsletter, DC Councilwoman Brianne Nadeau announced the council had unanimously passed a policing reform bill that among other things bans chokeholds.
The legislation also calls for body cam footage to be released within 72 hours after an officer-involved fatality and forbids from watching that footage before writing their report.
It also requires officers undergo further training on racism and white supremacy.
Florida
The Broward County Sheriff’s Office said it will not use chokeholds to restrain or secure any person except in situations where deadly force is justified.
And in Miami, police officers are prohibited from utilizing the LVNR (lateral vascular neck restraint) chokehold, neck hold any any other restraint that restricts free movement of the neck or heard or restricts an individual’s ability to breathe.
Chicago
In February, the Chicago Police Department announced that “carotid artery restraints, ” chokeholds and “any other maneuvers for applying direct pressure on a windpipe or airway would be classifies as a deadly force technique.
Houston
At George Floyd’s funeral Tuesday, Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner said he will sign an executive order banning chokeholds and enact other police reforms.
“In this city, we will require comprehensive reporting. In this city, you must exhaust all alternatives before shootings, and there will be other things in this executive order,” he added, according to the news station.
Washington state
Washington state Gov. Jay Inslee says he wants police across the state to restrict the use of chokeholds in restraining suspects, following the widespread protests that came after Floyd’s death.
“We need to rethink the use of police force, and look more broadly at police tactics,” Inslee said during a news conference Monday.
The governor said the Washington State Patrol already tightly regulates the use of chokeholds that restrict a person’s airflow, with limited exceptions when an officer’s life is in danger, and he wants all law enforcement agencies to adopt similar rules.
“Possibly there are things where life itself is in danger… but police are going to have to convince us that that’s the situation,” he added.
Denver
The Denver Police Department announced Sunday it was banning chokeholds and carotid compressions “with no exceptions,” according to a news release.
The department announced that officers would have to report to a supervisor if they intentionally point a weapon at someone. It would also produce a report on the incident to improve data collection and evaluation, the department said.
Additionally, Denver Police Department Metro/SWAT unit members will wear body cameras they will be required to activate during operations.
Phoenix
“We can’t function as a department without the trust of our community and there are adjustments we can make to strengthen that trust,” Chief Jeri Williams said in a statement.
The department said the move is part of its regular evaluation of policies and procedures to align with “21st-century policing practices, community expectations, and our department’s mission and values.”
CNN’s Sarah Dean, Gregory Lemos, Brian Vitagliano, Andy Rose and Konstantin Toropin contributed to this report.
