OAKLAND, Calif. — Dozens of Facebook employees, in rare public criticism on Monday of their own company, protested executives’ decision not to do anything about inflammatory posts that President Trump had placed on the giant social media platform over the last week.
The employees, who took the day off by logging into Facebook’s systems and requesting time off to support protesters across the country, also added an automated message to their emails saying that they were out of the office in a show of protest. The group is one of many clusters of employees attempting to push back on executives. As of Monday morning, many employees continued to discuss a list of demands for management.
The movement — a virtual “walkout†of sorts since most Facebook employees are working from home because of the coronavirus pandemic — comes as staff members have circulated petitions and threatened to resign. More than a dozen current and former employees have described the unrest as the most serious challenge to Mr. Zuckerberg’s leadership since the company was founded 15 years ago.
Mr. Zuckerberg has argued on a number of occasions that Facebook should take a hands-off approach to what people post, including lies from elected officials and others in power. He has repeatedly said the public should be allowed to decide what to believe.
That stand was tested last week when Twitter added fact-check and warning labels to two tweets from the president that broke Twitter’s rules around voter suppression and glorification of violence. But as Twitter acted on Mr. Trump’s tweets, Facebook left them alone. Mr. Zuckerberg said Mr. Trump’s posts did not violate the social network’s rules.
“Personally, I have a visceral negative reaction to this kind of divisive and inflammatory rhetoric,†Mr. Zuckerberg said in a post to his Facebook page on Friday. “But I’m responsible for reacting not just in my personal capacity but as the leader of an institution committed to free expression.â€
In response to the walkout, Mr. Zuckerberg has moved his weekly meeting with employees to Tuesday, rather than Thursday. The meeting will be a chance for employees to question Mr. Zuckerberg directly on his decision.
A Facebook spokeswoman said Monday morning that executives welcomed feedback from employees. “We recognize the pain many of our people are feeling right now, especially our Black community,†said Liz Bourgeois, the spokeswoman. “We encourage employees to speak openly when they disagree with leadership.â€
Mr. Zuckerberg’s decision frustrated many employees. More than a dozen Facebook employees tweeted that they disagreed with Mr. Zuckerberg’s decision, including the head of design of Facebook’s portal product, Andrew Crow.
“Facebook’s inaction in taking down Trump’s post inciting violence makes me ashamed to work here,†said Lauren Tan, a Facebook engineer, in a tweet on Friday. “Silence is complicity.â€
Two senior Facebook employees told The New York Times that they had informed their managers that they would resign if Mr. Zuckerberg did not reverse his decision. Another person, who was supposed to start work at the company next month, told Facebook they were no longer willing to accept a position at the company because of Mr. Zuckerberg’s decision.
Over the weekend, several petitions circulated among Facebook employees calling for the company to make personnel changes and for more diversity of voices among Mr. Zuckerberg’s top lieutenants.
Employees have called for the resignation of Joel Kaplan, Facebook’s vice president of global policy. Mr. Kaplan is seen as being a strong conservative voice within the company. In 2018, he upset some employees when he sat in the front row of the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, who was a close friend.
On Sunday, Mr. Zuckerberg wrote that he would be donating $10 million to groups working on racial justice. The move, coupled with his earlier post expressing solidarity with the demonstrators, did little to quell the internal protest.
Facebook executives have long acknowledged that the company has failed to attract a diverse work force.
“There’s a long history of Facebook, as a company, not seeing or being responsive to black employees,†said Mark Luckie, who quit the company in 2018 and published a memo titled “Facebook is failing its black employees and its black users.â€
Like many Silicon Valley companies, Facebook had a severe lack of diversity, especially among executives, Mr. Luckie said in an interview. “When you don’t have a diverse group of people at the top of the company you don’t understand the issues involved or why your employees are upset.â€
In 2014, 2 percent of Facebook’s employees were black. In 2019, that number had increased to 3.8 percent, according to the company’s diversity report.
Sheera Frenkel reported in Oakland, Calif. Mike Isaac reported in San Francisco.
This is a developing story. Check back for updates.
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Can we have this heartfelt exchange about intergenerational anger and sadness be viewed by 21 million people, without having the conspiracy video “Plandemic†likewise go viral?
Days of fury over the killing of George Floyd last week in Minneapolis, strangely, is showing the best of technology that gives nearly everyone a megaphone to show and tell the world what they’re feeling, doing and witnessing.
But the same technology also enables the spread of dangerous misinformation and can be used to incite violence and empower genocidal mobs.
Can these two sides be separated? Can we have one without the other, or is it a package deal?
I spent a good chunk of the weekend on Twitter, which, like other internet hangouts, felt like a place to bear witness to the raw, beautiful and terrible moments of an important point in U.S. history.
News outlets are publishing articles and videos on the protests, but social media brings the reporting to an even wider audience.
And journalists can’t be everywhere and see everything. Smartphones let people at every protest in every city capture what they see and tell their own stories. Otherwise we’d have a flatter view of what’s happening. Watching, listening and witnessing don’t on their own fix social inequalities, but they’re necessary steps.
There are days I wonder if the last decade of the internet was all a horrible mistake. Maybe it was a terrible idea to let people broadcast whatever they wanted to potentially billions of people without a moment’s hesitation or oversight, and to let a handful of corporations turn the dials that determine how prominently those messages got circulated.
This has empowered and encouraged drug dealers, lynch mobs, child sex abusers and backers of dangerous health information to run wild until — maybe — one of those dial-twisting companies noticed and — again, maybe — stopped them.
And then there are moments when I can’t imagine not putting the power to broadcast in the hands of billions.
I want to have the good, the bad and the in-between of bearing witness to moments of history without everything else.
Facebook is making a choice, too
My least favorite words in the English language are “Facebook shouldn’t be the arbiter of truth†of what people say online.
Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s founder and chief executive, said those words (again) last week in response to questions about why the company, unlike Twitter, let stand without comment or action posts from President Trump that falsely claimed that mail-in voting ballots would mean the November presidential election was “rigged.â€
It’s completely fair to say that words of powerful people like the American president should stand on their own no matter what. There is inherent value in seeing the unvarnished comments of world leaders and being able to debate whether those words are right or wrong.
But Zuckerberg didn’t stop at that sentiment. He reiterated a big, bold statement that Facebook doesn’t want to be the arbiter of truth. Guess what? It is, and Zuckerberg knows it.
Facebook, like those other dial-twisting companies I wrote about above, is not a zone of complete free expression.
Tens of millions of times each month, people who work on Facebook’s behalf — or computer systems for which Facebook writes the rules — enforce the company’s policies that prohibit calling for violence against a person or a group of people, discussions about suicide or self-harm, or posting sexually explicit material about a child. Facebook likewise determines what counts as bullying on its online hangouts and what is spam to be blocked or deleted.
Facebook does not stand back and simply let anything happen inside its digital walls. And I don’t think we want it to. Everything that we see on Facebook is because Facebook actively chose to do something, or actively chose not to do something. Facebook is not neutral.
I have to assume that Zuckerberg saying that Facebook shouldn’t be the arbiter of truth is either a stunningly simplistic comment from one of the world’s most powerful people, or a blatant attempt to win over politicians and political conservatives who have proposed regulatory crackdowns. Either way, it’s not good.
Before we go …
Be careful about claims regarding “outside†agitators: Some federal and local officials have said anti-government extremists organized online to incite violent confrontations or property damage at the protests sparked by the death of George Floyd. These claims are often made without evidence and may be inflating the role of far-left or far-right “outsiders†at protests, NBC News reported.
Inside the messy policymaking at Facebook and Twitter: My colleague Kate Conger has a back story on how Twitter executives, in a late-night virtual conference last week, debated and decided to add a warning label to Mr. Trump’s tweet appearing to threaten military violence against protesters who looted.
At Facebook, there are clusters of unrest among some employees unhappy with how the company has handled inflammatory posts from the president, the Times tech reporters Sheera Frenkel and Mike Isaac write. Dozens of these employees are staging a virtual “walkout†on Monday, in what my colleagues said was rare public criticism of their own company.
Real retail therapy: In response to rising anxiety over the coronavirus and everything else, the online shoe retailer Zappos revamped its customer service hotline to let people call and talk about anything — their future travel plans, help with homework or whatever is on their minds, my colleague Jenny Gross writes.
LAST UPDATED June 1: These dates are subject to change, and will be updated throughout the year as firmer dates arise. Please DO NOT schedule travel based on a date you see here. Launch dates collected from NASA, ESA, Roscosmos, Spaceflight Now and others.
June 5: A penumbral lunar eclipse will be visible from Asia, Australia, Europe and Africa. The moon will begin passing through Earth’s shadow at 1:45 p.m. EST (1745 GMT), and the eclipse will last for 3 hours and 18 minutes.
June 5: The full moon of June, known as the Strawberry Moon, occurs at 3:12 p.m. EDT (1912 GMT).Â
June 8: The waning, gibbous moon will form a small triangle with Jupiter and Saturn in the morning sky. It will be in conjunction with Jupiter at 1:21 p.m. EDT (1721 GMT), followed closely by a conjunction with Saturn about 9 hours later at 10:12 p.m. EDT (0212 GMT on June 9).
June 11: Rocket Lab will launch an Electron rocket on a rideshare mission carrying three payloads for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office. Also on board will be the ANDESITE CubeSat for Boston University and NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative, which will study Earth’s magnetosphere and space weather, and the M2 Pathfinder satellite, a technology demonstration mission that is a collaboration between the Australian government and the University of New South Wales Canberra Space. The mission, nicknamed “Don’t Stop Me Now,” will lift off from the company’s New Zealand launch facility on the Mahia Peninsula.
June 12: Just a day before reaching last quarter phase, the moon will make a close approach to Mars in the predawn sky. The pair will be in conjunction at 7:55 p.m. EDT (2355 GMT), but they will be below the horizon for skywatchers in the U.S. at that time. You can find them above the southeastern horizon for a few hours before sunrise.Â
June 17: A Chinese Long March 2D rocket will launch China’s third Gaofen 9 Earth observation satellite from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, at 3:25 a.m. EDT (0725 GMT).
June 18: An Arianespace Vega rocket will launch on the Small Spacecraft Mission Service (SSMS) proof-of-concept mission carrying 42 microsatellites, nanosatellites and cubesats. The rideshare mission will lift off from the Guiana Space Center near Kourou, French Guiana.
June 19: The one-day-old moon will make a close approach to Venus in the evening sky. It will be in conjunction with Venus at 4:53 EDT (0853 GMT). Look for them above the eastern horizon just before sunrise.Â
June 20: Happy Solstice! Today marks the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the first day of Winter in the Southern Hemisphere.
June 30: A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the U.S. Air Force’s third third-generation navigation satellite, designated GPS 3 SV03, for the Global Positioning System. It will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
A Chinese Long March 3B rocket will launch a satellite for the country’s Beidou navigation network toward geostationary orbit. It will lift off from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in the country’s Sichuan Province.
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket is expected to launch the seventh batch of approximately 60 satellites for the company’s Starlink broadband network in a mission designated Starlink 7. It will lift off from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket is expected to launch the eighth batch of approximately 60 satellites for the company’s Starlink broadband network in a mission designated Starlink 8. It will lift off from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
JulyÂ
July 1: Virgin Orbit’s LauncherOne rocket will launch the ELaNa-20 rideshare mission with 14 cubesats. A Boeing 747 named “Cosmic Girl” will air-launch the rocket over the Pacific Ocean after taking off from the Mojave Air and Space Port in California.
July 4: Happy Aphelion Day! Earth is farthest from the sun today.Â
July 4-5: A penumbral lunar eclipse will be visible from the Americas and parts of Africa and Antarctica. The moon will begin passing through Earth’s shadow on July 4 at 11:07 p.m. EST (0307 GMT on July 5), and the eclipse will last for 2 hours and 45 minutes.Â
July 5: The full moon of July, known as the Beaver Moon, occurs at 12:44 a.m EDT (0444 GMT). That same day, the moon will be in conjunction with Jupiter at 5:38 p.m. EDT (2138 GMT). The moon will also be in conjunction with Saturn on July 6 at 4:38 a.m. EDT (0838 GMT). The trio will form a small triangle in the night sky before fading into the dawn.Â
July 11: The waning, gibbous moon will make a close approach to the Red Planet in the early morning sky. It will be in conjunction with Mars at 3:38 p.m. EDT (1938 GMT).Â
July 14: The United Arab Emirates plans to launch its first Mars orbiter, the Hope Mars Mission. It will launch from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan on a Japanese H-2A rocket, at 4:51 p.m. EDT (2051 GMT).
July 14: Jupiter reaches opposition, which means the planet will appear at its biggest and brightest. This happens about once a year, when Jupiter’s position is almost directly opposite the sun in the sky. Around the same time, Jupiter will also make its closest approach to Earth.Â
July 15: The U.S. Air Force will use a Minotaur 4 rocket to launch a classified spy satellite cargo for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office. Dubbed NROL-129, the mission will lift off from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.
July 17: NASA’s Mars 2020 rover launches to the Red Planet! It will lift off on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Watch it live.
July 17: The waning crescent moon will be in conjunction with Venus, the “morning star,” at 3:27 a.m. EDT (0727 GMT). Look for the pair above the eastern horizon before dawn.Â
July 20: New moon
July 20: Saturn reaches opposition, which means the planet will appear at its biggest and brightest. This happens about once a year, when Saturn’s position is almost directly opposite the sun in the sky. Around the same time, Saturn will also make its closest approach to Earth.Â
July 23: A Russian Soyuzrocket will launch the 76th Progress cargo spacecraft to the International Space Station. It will lift off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Watch it live.
July 30: A Russian Proton rocket will launch the Express 80 and Express 103 communications satellites for the Russian Satellite Communication Company. It will lift off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
China plans to launch an orbiter and a small rover to Mars. The mission, called Tianwen 1, will lift off on a Long March 5 rocket from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site in Hainan, China.Â
AugustÂ
Aug. 1: A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the SXM 7 satellite for SiriusXM. It will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 12:27 a.m. EDT (0427 GMT).
Aug. 1: The nearly-full moon will be in conjunction with Jupiter at 7:32 p.m. EDT (2332 GMT). The following morning (Aug. 2), it will be in conjunction with Saturn at 9:10 a.m. EDT (1310 GMT). Look for the trio in the evening sky.Â
Aug. 3: The full moon of August, known as the “Sturgeon Moon,” occurs at 11:59 a.m. EDT (1559 GMT).Â
Aug. 9: The waning, gibbous moon will make a close approach to the Red Planet in the early morning sky. It will be in conjunction with Mars at 4 a.m. EDT (0800 GMT).Â
Aug. 15: The waning crescent moon will be in conjunction with Venus, the “morning star,” at 9:01 a.m. EDT (1301 GMT). Look for the pair above the eastern horizon before dawn.Â
Aug. 18: Black Moon: The third new moon in a season with four new moons is known as a “black moon.” (A black moon can also be the second new moon in a single calendar month.)
Aug. 26: A United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket will launch a classified spy satellite for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office. The mission, titled NROL-44, will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
Aug. 28/29: The waxing, gibbous moon will be in conjunction with Jupiter at 9:35 p.m. EDT (0235 GMT on Aug. 29). The following day, it will be in conjunction with Saturn at 12:32 p.m. EDT (1632 GMT). Look for the trio in the evening sky.
Aug. 30: SpaceX will launch its first operational Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker and Japan’s Soichi Noguchi. The mission will launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.Â
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the U.S. Air Force’s fourth third-generation navigation satellite, designated GPS 3 SV04, for the Global Positioning System. It will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
An Arianespace Vega rocket will launch the SEOSat-Ingenio Earth observation satellite and the Taranis scientific research satellite from the Guiana Space Center in Kourou, French Guiana.
September
Sept. 1: Asteroid 2011 ES4 will make a close flyby of Earth, passing by at a safe distance of 0.0005 AU, or 46,000 miles (75,000 kilometers).Â
Sept. 2: The full moon of September, known as the “Harvest Moon,” occurs at 1:22 a.m. EDT (0522 GMT).Â
Sept. 6: The waning, gibbous moon will make a close approach to the Red Planet in the early morning sky. It will be in conjunction with Mars at 12:46 a.m. EDT (0446 GMT).Â
Sept. 7: Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus NG-14 cargo spacecraft will launch to the International Space Station on an Antares rocket. It will lift off from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.
Sept. 11:Neptune is at opposition. If you have the right equipment and a sky dark enough to see it, now is the best time all year to look!Â
Sept. 14: The waning crescent moon will be in conjunction with Venus, the “morning star,” at 12:44 a.m. EDT (0444 GMT). Look for the pair above the eastern horizon before dawn.Â
Sept. 17: New moon
Sept. 22: Happy Equinox! At 9:15 a.m. EDT (1315 GMT), autumn arrives in the Northern Hemisphere while the Southern Hemisphere will have its first day of spring.Â
Sept. 25: The waxing, gibbous moon will be in conjunction with Jupiter at 2:48 a.m. EDT (0648 GMT). It will be in conjunction with Saturn at 4:38 p.m. EDT (2038 GMT). Look for the trio in the evening sky.
Also scheduled to launch in September (from Spaceflight Now):
A United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket will launch a classified spacecraft payload for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office. The mission, NROL-101, will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
An Arianespace Soyuz rocket will launch the Falcon Eye 2 Earth-imaging satellite for the United Arab Emirates. It will lift off from the Guiana Space Center in French Guiana.
October
Oct. 1: The full moon of October, known as the “Hunter’s Moon,” occurs at 5:05 p.m. EDT (2105 GMT).Â
Oct. 2: The waning, gibbous moon will make a close approach to the Red Planet in the early morning sky. It will be in conjunction with Mars at 11:25 a.m. EDT (0325 GMT).Â
Oct. 13: Mars is at opposition, which means it’s bigger and brighter than any other time of year. Look for the glowing Red Planet above the eastern horizon after sunset.Â
Oct. 14: A Russian Soyuz rocket will launch the crewed Soyuz MS-17 spacecraft to the International Space Station with members of the Expedition 65 crew: Russian cosmonauts Anatoli Ivanishin, Ivan Vagner and Nikolay Chub. It will lift off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Watch it live.
Oct. 22: Just a day before reaching first quarter phase, the moon will be in conjunction with Jupiter at 1:12 p.m. EDT (1712 GMT). That same day, it will be in conjunction with Saturn at 11:42 p.m. EDT (0324 GMT on Oct. 23). Look for the trio in the evening sky.Â
Oct. 29: The waxing, gibbous moon will be in conjunction with Mars at 12:16 p.m. EDT (0325 GMT). Look for the pair above the eastern horizon after sunset.Â
Oct. 30: A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch a Dragon cargo resupply mission (CRS-21) to the International Space Station. It will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Watch it live.
Oct. 31: Uranus is at opposition. This is the best time of year to view the planet, as it is at its biggest and brightest. If the sky is dark enough, you may be able to spot it with your bare eyes.
Oct. 31: This month has two full moons, which means we’ll have a “Blue Moon” on Halloween. The moon reaches full phase at 10:49 a.m. EDT (1449 GMT).
An Arianespace Soyuz rocket will launch the second Composante Spatiale Optique (CSO-2) military reconnaissance satellite for the French space agency CNES and DGA, the French defense procurement agency. It will lift off from the Guiana Space Center in French Guiana.
Nov. 12: The waning crescent moon will be in conjunction with Venus, the “morning star,” at 4:30 p.m. EST (2130 GMT). Look for the pair above the eastern horizon before dawn.Â
Nov. 19: The waxing crescent moon will be in conjunction with Jupiter at 3:57 a.m. EST (0857 GMT). Shortly afterward, it will be in conjunction with Saturn at 9:51 a.m. EST (1451 GMT). Look for the trio in the evening sky.Â
Nov. 25: The waxing, gibbous moon will be in conjunction with Mars at 2:46 p.m. EST (1946 GMT). Look for the pair above the eastern horizon after sunset.Â
Nov. 30: A penumbral lunar eclipse will be visible from the Americas, Australia and Asia. The moon will begin passing through Earth’s shadow at 2:32 a.m. EST (0732 GMT), and the eclipse will last for 4 hours and 20 minutes.Â
Nov. 30: The full moon of November, known as the “Beaver Moon,” occurs at 4:30 a.m. EST (0930 GMT).Â
Also scheduled to launch in November (from Spaceflight Now):
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the Sentinel 6A satellite (also known as Jason-CS A), a joint mission between the European Space Agency, NASA, NOAA, CNES and Eumetsat to continue recording sea level data that was previously collected by the Jason series of satellites. It will lift off from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
Dec. 14: The only total solar eclipse of 2020 will cross through the southern tip of South America. The moon’s shadow will take a similar path to the one it did for the “Great South American Eclipse” of July 2, 2019.Â
Dec. 16/17: The waxing crescent moon will be in conjunction with Jupiter at 11:30 p.m. EST (0430 GMT on Dec. 17). A few hours later on Dec. 17, it will be in conjunction with Saturn at 12:20 a.m. EST (0520 GMT). Look for the trio near the southwestern horizon just after sunset. .Â
Dec. 21: The solstice arrives at 4:47 a.m. EST (0947 GMT), marking the first day of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the first day of summer in the Southern Hemisphere.Â
Dec. 21:Jupiter and Saturn will make a close approach in the evening sky. The pair will be in conjunction at 8:24 a.m. EST (1324 GMT).Â
Dec. 23: The waxing, gibbous moon will be in conjunction with Mars at 1:31 p.m. EST (1831 GMT). Look for the pair above the eastern horizon after sunset.Â
Dec. 29: The full moon of December, also known as the Cold Moon, occurs at 10:28 p.m. EST (0328 GMT).
Also scheduled to launch in December (from Spaceflight Now):
A Russian Soyuz rocket will launch the 77th Progress cargo spacecraft to the International Space Station. It will lift off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
An Arianespace Vega C rocket will launch on its inaugural flight, carrying the Italian space agency’s LARES 2 satellite into orbit. It will lift off from the Guiana Space Center near Kourou, French Guiana.
More coming in 2020…
China will launch the Chang’e 5 mission to return samples from the moon. It will be the first lunar sample return mission attempted since 1976.
A Chinese Long March 5B rocket will launch on a test flight with an unpiloted prototype for China’s new human-rated crew capsule, which is designed for future human missions to the moon. This will be the first flight of a Long March 5B rocket. It will lift off from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site in Hainan, China.
India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk. 2 (GSLV Mk.2) will launch the county’s first GEO Imaging Satellite, or GISAT 1. It is scheduled to lift off from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India. The launch was postponed from March 6 due to technical problems with the rocket.
India’s Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) will launch on its first orbital test flight from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India.Â
India’s Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) will launch on its first commercial mission with four Earth observation satellites for BlackSky Global. It will lift off from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India.
India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) will launch the RISAT 2BR2 radar Earth observation satellite for the Indian Space Research Organization. It will lift off from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India.
Starliner Orbital Flight Test 2: A United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket will launch Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner spacecraft on its second uncrewed mission to the International Space Station, following a partial failure in December. It will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
A Rocket Lab Electron rocket will launch on its first mission from a new launch pad at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at Wallops Island, Virginia. It will launch an experimental mission for the U.S. Air Force’s Space Test Program called Monolith, which carries a space weather instrument.
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the SAOCOM 1B Earth observation satellite for Argentina. It will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
A SpaceXFalcon Heavy rocket will launch the AFSPC-44 mission for the U.S. Air Force. The mission will lift off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida and is expected to deploy two undisclosed payloads into geosynchronous orbit.Â
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the Anasis 2, or KMilSatCom 1, communications satellite for the South Korean military, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.Â
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the Turksat 5A communications satellite for the Turkish satellite operator Turksat. It will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
A Russian Angara-A5 rocket will launch on its second orbital test flight from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia.Â
A Russian Soyuz rocket will launch approximately 36 satellites into orbit for the OneWeb constellation of communications satellites. The mission, titled OneWeb 4, will launch from the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia.
A United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket will launch the AFSPC-8 mission for the Space Force’s Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program (GSSAP). It will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
A United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket will launch a classified spy satellite for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office. The mission, titled NROL-82, will lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
A U.S. Air Force and Northrop Grumman Minotaur 1 rocket will launch a classified spy satellite cargo for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office. The mission, NROL-111, will lift off from Wallops Island, Virginia.
Please send any corrections, updates or suggested calendar additions to hweitering@space.com. Follow Space.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
Mr. Trump, who has not formally addressed the nation since the unrest began, said he was putting Gen. Mark A. Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, “in charge,†but did not immediately specify what that meant or if he would deploy the military to quell the violence in the nation’s cities
The president also zeroed in on unrest in New York City, reminding the governors that he maintained a residence there and suggesting that the police should be able to do their jobs.
“I don’t know what’s happening in Manhattan, but it’s terrible,†Mr. Trump said. “New York is going to have to toughen up. We’ll send you National Guard if you want.†Again stoking conflict, he said New York police officers had “to be allowed maybe to do their jobs.â€
Mr. Trump often sounded as much like an angry bystander as the nation’s president, repeatedly recalling his reaction to televised footage of the unrest.
“They just walked right down the street, knocking them out with tear gas, tear gas,†he said of the National Guard’s handling of the riots in Minneapolis. “These guys, they were running.â€
And without evidence, Mr. Trump asserted that after the crackdown in the Twin Cities the protesters had left to create mayhem in other localities.
â€They’re all looking for weak spots†he said of the protesters. “Now what they’re going to do is search out perhaps smaller cities.â€
The governors, the president said, must apprehend them.
â€And you can’t do the deal where they get one week in jail,†he said. “These are terrorists. These are terrorists. And they’re looking to do bad things to our country.â€
Perhaps recognizing the risks he was taking with his language, Mr. Trump acknowledged the presence of his attorney general, William P. Barr.
“I’m not asking my attorney general, and perhaps you’ll stop me from saying that, but you’re allowed to fight back,†he said.
Mr. Trump has long used language common to authoritarians than to democratically elected leaders to speak about protesters. In 1990, Mr. Trump told Playboy magazine that Beijing showed “the power of strength†when it used deadly military force to quell the student-led demonstrations at Tiananmen Square the year before.
“When the students poured into Tiananmen Square, the Chinese government almost blew it,†Mr. Trump said. “Then they were vicious, they were horrible, but they put it down with strength. That shows you the power of strength. Our country is right now perceived as weak.â€
Image Source : VIDEO GRAB TWITTER @SALLU KHAN RADHE
When Salman Khan offered his blazer to Wajid Khan on Bigg Boss 8 stage, watch throwback video
Ever since the shocking news of Wajid Khan’s death, the entire Bollywood fraternity is deeply saddened and mourning the loss of one of the popular music composers of Bollywood. Now, an old video from the reality show Bigg Boss 8 featuring Salman Khan and his dear friend and music composer Wajid Khan is going viral for all the emotional reasons. Wajid Khan’s brother Sajid Khan can also be seen in the throwback video.Superstar Salman Khan and Wajid Khan are known to have always shared a special bond and this video is proof.Â
The video showcases Sallman Khan offering his blazer to Wajid Khan who, in return kisses the actor’s hand. The video has been shared by one of the Salman Khan fan pages on Twitter. Take a look:
— Sallu Khan RADHE (@sallukhanbeing) June 1, 2020
Earlier, Salman Khan paid his tribute to Wajid Khan on social media saying, “”Wajid Vil always love, respect, remember n miss u as a person n ur talent, Love u n may your beautiful soul rest in peace”.
Wajid Khan reportedly died of kidney failure at the Suvarna hospital in Mumbai at the age of 42. He was believed to be suffering from COVID-19 as well. Recently, Sajid-Wajid also composed Salman Khan’s two songs, ‘Pyaar Karona’ and ‘Bhai Bhai’ amid the lockdown.
India fast bowler Jasprit Bumrah doesn’t mind passing on cricket’s standard high-fives, hugs and handshakes as the sport plots a way back.
Cricket South Africa are hopeful of hosting India in August for a T20I series, likely played behind closed doors and outside of the country’s so-called ‘hotspots’.
Bumrah unfazed by social distancing
Any cricket that does resume in the coming months will have to do so under slightly altered [playing conditions, while adhering to strict hygiene and social distancing protocols.
Generally cricket sees very little close contact between players with the most frequent cause for a ‘mass gathering’ being the fall of a wicket.
Bumrah isn’t too bothered about missing out on the warm embrace of his teammates, though.
“I was not much of a hugger anyway, and not a high-five person as well, so that doesn’t trouble me a lot,†Bumrah said in an ICC video with the former West Indies pace bowler Ian Bishop and the ex-captain of South Africa, Shaun Pollock.
Saliva ban bothers Bumrah
Bowlers have shown great concern that the new protocols will prohibit the use of saliva to shine the cricket ball. The powers that be will still allow players to use their sweat on the ball. The construction of the cricket ball makes it hard to sterilize without compromising its integrity.
There has been some suggestion that players might be given a small amount of polishing wax to apply to the ball to aid movement through the air.
Bumrah suggested that alternatives to saliva needed to be looked at before play returned.
“I don’t know what guidelines that we have to follow when we come back, but I feel there should be an alternative,†Bumrah said.Â
“If the ball is not well maintained, it’s difficult for the bowlers. The grounds are getting shorter and shorter, the wickets are becoming flatter and flatter. So we need something.â€
Wax on, wax off
Cricket ball manufacturer Kookaburra are developing a wax applicator that allows players to shine the ball without using saliva or sweat.
But the use of the Australian company’s product would require a change in the laws of cricket which forbid the use of any artificial substance to alter the ball.
There are in essence two ways to tamper with the ball according to the rulebook that is to either damage or scuff one side of the ball with a fingernail, zipper or another hard or rough surface (Sandpaper is most definitely against the rules). The other type of tampering is an attempt to preserve one side of the ball by applying an artificial substance, like sugary sweets mixed with saliva.Â
Many of these tampering methods have not been shown to have a demonstrable effect on how much the ball moves through the air. The wax may be much more effective than saliva, and trials would be needed before it would be approved for use in internationals. Â
The smoke is still rising from some of these Minneapolis businesses after protests over George Floyd’s death turned violent.
Wochit
MINNEAPOLIS – Brandy Moore likened the charred remains of her south Minneapolis clothing store and recording studio to the pangs for equality that minorities here feel.Â
Smoke continued to waft in the air 24 hours after people protesting the death of George Floyd burned Moore’s storefront and several others along Lake Street.
“My business burned down two days ago. You see the flames? It’s still going,” Moore, 41, said Sunday. “That flame down in people’s soul? It’s still going. They want justice.”
She is among dozens of Minneapolis and St. Paul business owners, small and large, trying to rebuild after fiery riots and demonstrations in the Twin Cities on Thursday and Friday. Her company, Levels, which she owns with business partner Daniel Johnson, also has a St. Paul location that remains undamaged. The venture is Moore’s “baby.”Â
Moore, a black woman, said she started the business from the trunk of her car once she left a job with Minneapolis Public Schools in 2011 to pursue her passion for fashion and music.
It had been opened for five years before people broke in Friday and started a fire that destroyed the business and several adjacent stores. When she was alerted to the break-in, Moore went to Lake Street and watched nearly a decade of work collapse into the concrete.Â
“I’m hurt that I lost this. But … I can’t cry right now,” she said. “I can’t go home and cry and be hurt because I lost businesses. George Floyd lost his life. He’ll never be here again.”
She’s confident she can recover but isn’t sure if she can rebuild at the same location – in the heart of a diverse southside neighborhood. A GoFundMe campaign has been started to help with those expenses. Other small businesses face similar uncertainty, but several fundraisers have been started to help support Minneapolis’ smallest companies.
As looters ransacked his St. Paul store, he hid in the bathroom and whispered to 911
In St. Paul’s Midway neighborhood, just blocks from where Moore’s second Levels location was protected by armed men standing on its porch, one business owner said he hid in his office as people ransacked, urinated in and damaged the building.
Jim Segal closed Ax-Man Surplus earlier than normal Thursday afternoon because daylight looting took hold at the nearby intersection of University and Snelling avenues. After sending customers and employees home and locking the front door, Segal said he continued to work in the office of the 6-decade-old company. Then he heard multiple glass windows break.Â
“Luckily, I have a steel door because they were trying to enter the office,” said Segal, who bought the surplus store about 20 years ago. “I don’t think they knew anybody was in there, but I basically barricaded myself within a bathroom inside the office.”
He felt as if he were in a movie, the St. Paul native said. As display cases were shattered and electronics taken from inside his store, he whispered to 911 dispatch asking for help.
“Police said, ‘Don’t even bother boarding up your store,'” Segal said Saturday. “‘There’s a 50/50 chance it won’t be here tomorrow.”
About 6:30 p.m. Thursday, he returned to the St. Paul Ax-Man location, one of three in the metro, in an unsuccessful effort to stop people running in and out of his store.
A company agreed to board up his windows, Segal said, but left quickly after arriving, not wanting to work among the crowd. He tried to get a license plate of someone stealing, but others tried to take his phone so he retreated to his car.Â
Segal sat in his vehicle for hours as rioters peed in his store and took items ranging from knickknacks and DVDs to a snowblower. He said coronavirus concerns forced him to close his business for the better part of two months. They’d been reopened a little more than a week when the building was ransacked.Â
“I don’t recall ever being in a situation where I was that panicked. I was petrified, actually,” he said. Ax-Man won’t reopen for at least a week or two, and Segal fears it may close permanently because of the lack of sales during the spring. That would mean a loss of livelihood for him and about 10 employees.
He sympathizes with those upset about Floyd’s death in police custody on Memorial Day, describing the video of Minneapolis police officers’ actions “horrific.”Â
“This is just stuff, no comparison (to a person dying),” said Segal, a white man. “But what I’m disappointed about is the lack of leadership in the government – Mayor (Melvin) Carter, Mayor (Jacob) Frey, Gov. (Tim) Walz – to just allow lawlessness.Â
“Indefensible what happened to Mr. Floyd, but this doesn’t make it better. And I don’t know what does.”Â
Insurance helps small business owners, but a full recovery is ‘a lot more complicated’
While Moore and Segal both said they are insured, they don’t believe insurance alone will enough to replace everything they’ve lost. People typically see business owner and think “wealth,” Segal said.Â
“That’s not true for me,” he said. “I’m the last one to get paid.”Â
Understanding insurance policies can be difficult for many small business owners, said Allison Sharkey, executive director of the Lake Street Council, which supports local companies. Lake Street has always been an area for Minneapolis’s immigrant entrepreneurs to start businesses, she said, and many of those folks may not be familiar with aid systems or insurance proceedings.Â
“There’s a lot of detail to go through in your contract that most people don’t really understand until a situation like this happens,” Sharkey said. “It’s a lot more complicated than just paying a $500 deductible and thinking the rest is going to be covered.”
Minority business owners may not have the credit or assets to withstand closures as long as white business owners with more resources, she said. The council, and other metro business associations like it, try to fill that gap and provide guidance, but insurance claims won’t stop some businesses from completely fading away.
For Moore, she’s frustrated when people bring up the fact she’s insured because it ignores the work she put into the building and the items she won’t get back.Â
“When you get it out the mud – meaning when you get it on your own, no handouts … someone just handing you money doesn’t equate,” she said. “It’s deeper than that.”
Financial support is coming for Twin Cities small businesses left in rubble amid George Floyd protests
When Segal returned to his business Friday, he found a person who lived nearby sweeping glass from the sidewalk, which raised his spirits.
Monetary support has begun, too. It’s especially vital, small business advocates say, because many companies were already running out of money because of closures due to COVID-19.Â
The Lake Street Council has received more than $1.5 million to help support the hundreds of businesses that line the heavily damaged area. Sharkey said companies owned by people of color and immigrants have been especially affected by the days of unrest. Several “big, beautiful” buildings on the southside have been replaced by rubble, which will be eventually replaced by vacant lots.Â
“($1.5 million) sounds like a big number, but we’re gonna need a lot more government and nonprofit support,” Sharkey said. “We have a long road ahead of us.”Â
She said her organization had already begun to save money to distribute to companies dealing with financial contractions from the coronavirus, but it has not been shifted to riot recovery. The council will request an aid package from the state, but Sharkey thinks they’ll need federal dollars as well.Â
“We’re headed toward a recession,” she said. “We’re really going to have to create a long-term strategy along with stakeholders, business owners, property owners business groups, elected officials.”
Fundraising has begun in Segal’s area, as well. The Hamline Midway Coalition has received more than $75,000 to help aid small businesses in their recovery from property damage and lost sales.Â
Kate Mudge, the coalition’s director, said the organization has been raising money to help small and minority business owners worried about gentrification and corporatization coming with the new U.S. soccer stadium built nearby.Â
“We already have been dealing with a pandemic, we’ve been dealing with some long-term issues in our community, and this is the icing on the cake. We hope that thisÂ
is gonna bring new people to Midway, new businesses,” she said. “We’ve dealt with worse.”
Despite the uncertainty, the organizations are confident many businesses will survive if community support keeps up.Â
“I’m not blaming people, you can’t judge anybody’s pain or anger. Everyone acts and reacts to things in different ways,” Moore said. “I have a black-owned business, it was burned down and we were protesting, for a black man’s life that was taken. So, I was just a little confused on where we’re going with this. But, at the end of the day, everything is about sacrifices.”
Tyler Davis can be contacted at tjdavis@dmreg.com or on Twitter @TDavisDMR.
The center of the Milky Way is a puzzle of invisible, interconnected blobs. There areswooping tendrils of energy visible only in radio wavelengths, hourglass-shaped scars of X-ray light and — towering over it all — the mysteriousFermi Bubbles.
These twin orbs of gas, dust and cosmic rays emerge from the galactic center like two wings of an enormous moth, one on either side of the galaxy’s central black hole. From tip to tip, the bubbles stretch about 50,000 light-years across (that’s about half the diameter of theMilky Way itself), yet are visible only in high-energygamma-ray light.
Where did they come from? Nobody really knows. But a study published May 14 inThe Astrophysical Journal argues that the Bubbles, along with the mysteriousX-ray and radio structures surrounding the galactic center, are all linked to the same series of black hole belches beginning around 6 million years ago.
Using several computer simulations, the researchers showed that both the Fermi Bubbles and the nearby X-ray structures could have been formed in one fell swoop by a massive shock wave blasting out of the galaxy’s central black hole, also known as Sagittarius A* (or Sgr A*). This shock wave may have begun when the black hole suddenly loosed two enormous jets of ionized matter, flying in opposite directions away from the galactic center at near light-speed. (Astronomers have observed jets like thisblasting out of galaxies with big black holes before, though they still aren’t sure why it happens.)
If the jets were wide enough and powerful enough, the researchers wrote, they could have created twin shock waves that blasted through the hot gas on either side of the galactic center. Where the shock waves compressed and heated the gas, the hourglass-shaped X-ray structures formed; the edges of the shock waves, expanding into intergalactic space for thousands oflight-years in either direction, formed the Fermi Bubbles. The whole process would have lasted about a million years, the team wrote.
A digram showing where the Fermi Bubbles (red) overlap with the hourglass-shaped X-ray structures (black) at the galaxy’s center. The edges of the two structures seem perfectly aligned, the authors of a new study say. (Image credit: Fox et al., 2018)
“A forward shock is generated as soon as the jet punches through the ambient halo gas,” the researchers wrote in the study. “[After] 1 million years, the jet is switched off. … After [5 million years], the bubble expands to its current size as observed.”
According to the researchers, the shock-wave hypothesis explains several features of the galactic center, including the extremely high temperatures of the Fermi Bubbles and the fact that the bottom edges of the Bubbles overlap perfectly with the X-ray structures. If a similar, less powerful shock-wave event occurred a few million years later, it could also explain the smaller, bubble-shapedradio structures recently observed at the galactic center, the team added. In other words: These three big, invisible puzzle pieces at the center of the galaxy may fit together much better than scientists previously thought.
It would be nice if all of the chaos and cruelty unleashed by police forces across the nation over the past week could be blamed on President Donald Trump.Â
It would be nice because it would be simple. One man’s cartoonish brutality would be responsible for a society falling apart. The solution would be straightforward: Remove him from office and let the world naturally return to stability and harmony.Â
Trump has indeed encouraged violence against protesters, and he cannot escape culpability for the vivid tragedy now unfolding in the United States. But we cannot pin all of this on the president, however grotesque his failures. On Saturday night, when Minneapolis police fired rubber bullets at journalists and New York law enforcement attempted to run down protesters in an SUV, they were acting under the authority of Democratic mayors and governors. New York Mayor Bill de Blasio’s full-throated defense of the violent excesses of his police force differed from Trump’s fevered strongmanism only in tone, not content.Â
“I do believe the NYPD has acted appropriately,†de Blasio said Saturday night. “I saw a lot of restraint under very, very difficult circumstances.â€
And so it has been throughout much of the country. The major policy choices that have led to this epidemic of police brutality ― from macroeconomic management to police procurement ― have been bipartisan. It is only at the margins that Democratic voters and Republican voters disagree. In Los Angeles, Democratic Mayor Eric Garcetti and a Democratic City Council approved $41 million in new bonuses for police officers amid a local budget crisis that has forced pay cuts for thousands of other city employees. New York City spends $6 billion a year on the NYPD, even as 100,000 children remain homeless.
For Black communities, the American policing crisis has always been obvious. It has been a part of everyday life for decades. Los Angeles police beat Rodney King within an inch of his life in 1991. New York police fired 41 shots at an unarmed Amadou Diallo in front of his own apartment in 1999. The militarized police occupation of Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014 should have presented both parties with an opportunity to rethink the armed control of low-income neighborhoods by agents of the state. Democratic leaders across the country have had nearly six years to grapple with the reality that U.S. police are largely at war with their communities, and they have generally responded by increasing law enforcement budgets and ignoring police violence. It took five years for the NYPD to fire the officer who killed Eric Garner. In the interim, both de Blasio and New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo were reelected.
Police brutality is the flashpoint of our current social unrest, but it is only one dimension of the crime against democracy that our national project has become. Our current uprising is taking place in the middle of an economic catastrophe in which roughly one-fourth of Americans are out of work. The distribution of this devastation has not been shared equally. Job losses have been concentrated among Black workers, and deaths related to the coronavirus have been concentrated among Black families. The legislative response from Washington to this crisis was not only bipartisan, but comprehensive: a 96-0 vote in the Senate for a bill that funnelled trillions of dollars to the richest people in the world and treated working people as an afterthought.
Similar outrages have been standard fare for decades. The racial wealth gap tripled between 1984 and 2009, and expanded still further during the recovery from the 2008 financial crisis, as then-President Barack Obama refused to rescue Black and brown homeowners and Republicans refused to fund relief programs for working people. The globalization project that began in the 1990s destroyed the foundations of the Black middle class in the United States by offshoring good-paying jobs and leaving minimum wage work in its wake. The foreclosure crisis of the Great Recession eliminated what was left. These were bipartisan pursuits.
Nationally, the Republican Party has become the party of white grievance, while the Democratic Party’s leadership remains more committed to beating back reforms from the party’s progressive bloc than it does to addressing economic justice or restoring civil rights. In an ABC News appearance Sunday morning, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) cited “a commission studying the social status of Black men and boys†and “a motion condemning police brutality†as examples of the work her caucus supports to correct racial and economic inequality. The House is currently in recess, and Pelosi has no plans to convene lawmakers to address the current crisis. Pelosi practices a different brand of leadership than the president does, but it is a failure nonetheless.
When failure is this broad and this deep, it is tempting to blame the nation itself. America was founded on slavery and genocide. Is it any wonder that it is descending into racist ruin in the 21st century?
But the fact is that the United States has beaten back its demons before. Between the 1930s and the 1960s, economic inequality plummeted along with the Black poverty rate, stalling out only when Democrats began to retreat from their commitments to civil rights and economic justice. We know what policies we can adopt to make this a nation of equals. Ours is the wealthiest nation in the history of wealthy nations. We can easily afford to provide all of our citizens with the fruits of a full life. And yet, we simply choose not to. We elect people in both parties who take pride in pursuing opposite agendas.
That work begins with defunding police forces across the country and reimagining community maintenance as an act of support, not an act of violence. But it cannot end there. Democracy assumes conditions of relative social equality. Until we reject an economic system that creates oligarchic winners and brutalized losers, our political system will continue to crumble.
Zach Carter is the author of “The Price of Peace: Money, Democracy, and the Life of John Maynard Keynes,†available now from Random House.
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The asteroid that slammed
into Earth 66 million years ago left behind more than a legacy of mass
destruction. That impact also sent superheated seawater swirling through the
crust below for more than a million years, chemically overhauling the rocks. Similar transformative hydrothermal systems, left in the wake of powerful impacts much earlier in
Earth’s history, may have been a crucible for early microbial life on Earth,
researchers report May 29 in Science Advances.
The massive Chicxulub crater
on Mexico’s Yucatán peninsula is the fingerprint of a killer, probably responsible for the destruction of more
than 75 percent of life on Earth, including all nonbird dinosaurs (SN: 1/25/17).
In 2016, a team of scientists made a historic trek to the partially submerged crater,
drilling deep into the rock to study the crime scene from numerous angles.
One of those researchers was
planetary scientist David Kring of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in
Houston. A dozen years earlier, Kring had found evidence at Chicxulub that the
layers of rock bearing the signs of impact — telltale features such as shocked
quartz and melted spherules — were subsequently cut through by veins of newer minerals
such as quartz and anhydrite. Such veins, Kring thought, suggest that hot
hydrothermal fluids had been circulating beneath Chicxulub some time after the
impact.
Hydrothermal systems can
occur where Earth is tectonically active, such as where tectonic plates pull the
seafloor apart, or where mantle plumes like the one beneath Yellowstone rise up
into the crust. The molten rock rising through the crust in these regions superheats
water already circulating within the crust.
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But the Yucatán peninsula is
tectonically quiescent, and has been for 66 million years, Kring says. So, as
part of the International Ocean Discovery Program’s Expedition 364 to
Chicxulub, he and colleagues drilled 1,335 meters below the ring of the crater,
retrieving long cores of sediment and rock.
The team then analyzed the
minerals found in the cores. “It was immediately obvious that they had been
hydrothermally altered. It was pervasive and apparent,†Kring says. The intense
heat of the circulating seawater caused chemical reactions within the rock,
transforming some minerals into others. By identifying the different types of
minerals, the team determined that the initial temperature of the fluids was
more than 300° Celsius,
later cooling to about 90°
C. Â
The chemically altered rocks
beneath the crater extended down about four or five kilometers below the crater’s
peak ring, a circular, mountainous region within the vast crater. The
hydrothermally altered zone covers a volume more than nine times that of the Yellowstone
Caldera system, Kring says. Paleomagnetic data suggest that the hydrothermal system
lasted for more than a million years.
A core of rock and sediment extracted from within the Chicxulub impact crater revealed centimeter-sized cavities within the rocks containing hydrothermally altered minerals. Here, tiny cavities within impact breccia — a type of rock formed of broken fragments cemented together by fine-grained sediment — contain analcime (transparent crystals), which forms at temperatures around 200° Celsius and dachiardite (red crystals), which forms at temperatures around 250° C.D. Kring
Those conditions, the
researchers say, may have also been capable of fostering life akin to the
extremophiles that thrive in Yellowstone’s boiling pools. In addition to the
metal-rich fluids that could provide an energy source for microbes, the
Chicxulub cores revealed that the rocks were both porous and permeable — in
other words, filled with interconnected nooks and crannies that could have been
cozy shelters for microbes.
“It looks like a perfect
habitat,†Kring says.
Kring has previously
suggested that the very same destructive impacts that annihilate life may also
create appealing habitats — not just on Earth, but potentially on other
planetary bodies such as Mars. Even more tantalizing is the possibility that
hydrothermal systems, engendered beneath ancient impacts, may have been where life on Earth began (SN: 3/1/13).
Evidence from lunar craters
suggests that Earth was heavily bombarded by asteroids about 3.9 billion years ago (SN: 10/18/04). Most of those more ancient craters on Earth have long since vanished or been altered by
the constant tectonic recycling of Earth’s surface (SN: 12/18/18). So
the hydrothermal system beneath Chicxulub offers a window into what such
systems might have actually looked like much deeper in the past, says
geophysicist Norman Sleep of Stanford University, who was not involved in the
study. “It shows the reality of the process,†Sleep says.
The new study may set the
stage for the possibility of life thriving beneath an impact. But whether a
microbial cast of characters was actually present beneath Chicxulub is a
question for future studies, Kring says.
“Let me be clear: This paper
has no evidence of microbial life,†Kring says. “We just have all the
properties of hydrothermal systems that do support life elsewhere on Earth.â€
Ancient environments that
provided water, chemical building blocks and energy “are very promising
candidates for hosting [life’s] origins and early evolution,†says NASA
astrobiologist David Des Marais, who was not involved in the study.
Impact-generated hydrothermal systems aren’t the only such environments;
researchers have also made a compelling case for hot springs, Des Marais says.
That’s an ongoing debate, he
notes, adding “I consider hydrothermal systems to be highly promising
exploration targets for astrobiology.â€
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